The wing semi-spans captured in the database range from 24 to 85 mm. This study was undertaken to explore the scale relationships between the geometrical parameters of photogrammetrically reconstructed wings of 75 Odonata species, 66 from Epiprocta, and 9 from Zygoptera. Studies have been done on 2D aerodynamics over corrugated wings however, there is limited comparative quantified data on the planforms of Odonata wings. Despite the superficial similarity between Odonata planforms, the frequency with which they are portrayed artistically, and the research interest in their aerodynamics, those features that are stable and those that are labile between species have not been identified. The flight performance and maneuverability of Odonata depends on wing shape and aero-structural characteristics, including airfoil shape, wingspan, and chord. This research can contribute to the morphological design of flying vehicles for agile and resilient performance. The results show that the maximum collision force generated by the proposed Tombo propeller is less than two-thirds that of a traditional rigid propeller, which suggests the concrete possibility to employ deformable propellers for drones flying in a cluttered environment. Finally, we design and showcase a control strategy for a drone equipped with Tombo propellers that collides in midair with an obstacle and recovers from collision continuing flying. We describe the development of an aerodynamic model and experiments conducted to investigate performance characteristics for various configurations of the propeller morphology and related properties, such as generated thrust force, thrust force deviation, collision force, recovery time, lift-to-drag ratio, and noise. Here, we report on the design and fabrication process of this biomimetic propeller that can accommodate collisions and recover quickly, while maintaining sufficient thrust force to hover and fly. Inspired by the flexibility and resilience of dragonfly wings, we propose a novel design for a biomimetic drone propeller called Tombo propeller. This has prompted a search into nature for a highly resilient structure that can inform a design of propellers to reduce those risks and enhance safety. The risks of damage by collision, to humans, obstacles in the environment, and drones themselves, are significant. There is a growing need for vertical takeoff and landing vehicles, including drones, which are safe to use and can adapt to collisions. The results in this paper reveal the multiple functions of the resilin in the hind wings and have important implications for the design of biomimetic deployable micro-air vehicles. The resilin in the hind wing is effectively for changing the flight performance such as the condition of stress and deformation. The displacements, when subjected to pressure on the ventral side, are analyzed when the membrane wings are filled with/without resilin. Based on those results, two three-dimensional finite element models of the hind wing with/without resilin are established. The cross sections of veins of the hind wing are investigated by inverted fluorescence microscopy.
axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and how the resilin in the membrane of the hind wing affects its mechanical characteristics. This study investigates the tensile properties of the hind wing and the distribution of resilin through the hind wing in an adult H. Resilin in the wing membrane of Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) hind wings plays an active role during folding and unfolding of the wing. The deployable hind wings of Coleoptera are a highly specialized motive system that can fold and unfold in a unique way.
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